En la década de los 70 los ordenadores eran muy grandes y no tenían pantalla por lo que el resultado de los cálculos los daban por impresora. Lo mas habitual es que los programas se escribieran en tarjetas perforadas, en cada tarjeta perforada cabían 80 caracteres por lo que un programa podría necesitar cientos de tarjetas perforadas.
Disponían de varios módulos:
1- Módulo para perforar tarjetas.
2- Módulo lector de tarjetas perforadas.
3- Unidad central, con teclado para introducir comandos por consola y lector de disco.
4- Módulo de Impresora, por donde salen los resultados.
El procedimiento para hacer un programa era:
1- Se escribian las sentencias en una hoja de codificación.
2- Se pasaba el código a tarjetas perforadas.
3- Una vez escrito el programa se ponían las tarjetas en orden para que el ordenador las fuera leyendo.
4- Una vez acabada la ejecución del programa salían los resultados por la impresora.
Los programas que contenian funciones útiles para los cálculos se podían pasar a disco magnético. Los discos tenian 512KB de capacidad y median unos 45cm de diametro.
Los lenguajes que se utilizaban para programar estas tarjetas eran FORTRAN y COBOL o directamente en ensamblador.
(Fotos en El Museo Nacional de las Computadoras, Inglaterra)
El código no lo digo pero se me ocurren algunos. Gracias ed lo que estoy buscando
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# Harvard University: A Legacy of Excellence and Innovation
## A Brief History of Harvard University
Founded in 1636, **Harvard University** is the oldest and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions in the United States.
Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard has built a global reputation for academic excellence, groundbreaking research, and influential alumni.
From its humble beginnings as a small college established to educate clergy, it has evolved
into a world-leading university that shapes the future across various disciplines.
## Harvard’s Impact on Education and Research
Harvard is synonymous with **innovation and intellectual leadership**.
The university boasts:
– **12 degree-granting schools**, including the renowned **Harvard Business
School**, **Harvard Law School**, and **Harvard Medical School**.
– **A faculty of world-class scholars**, many of whom are Nobel laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, and pioneers in their fields.
– **Cutting-edge research**, with Harvard leading
initiatives in artificial intelligence, public health,
climate change, and more.
Harvard’s contribution to research is immense,
with billions of dollars allocated to scientific discoveries and technological advancements each year.
## Notable Alumni: The Leaders of Today and Tomorrow
Harvard has produced some of the **most influential figures** in history, spanning politics, business, entertainment, and science.
Among them are:
– **Barack Obama & John F. Kennedy** – Former U.S. Presidents
– **Mark Zuckerberg & Bill Gates** – Tech visionaries (though Gates did not graduate)
– **Natalie Portman & Matt Damon** – Hollywood icons
– **Malala Yousafzai** – Nobel Prize-winning activist
The university continues to cultivate future leaders who shape
industries and drive global progress.
## Harvard’s Stunning Campus and Iconic Library
Harvard’s campus is a blend of **historical charm and modern innovation**.
With over **200 buildings**, it features:
– The **Harvard Yard**, home to the iconic **John Harvard Statue**
(and the famous “three lies” legend).
– The **Widener Library**, one of the largest university
libraries in the world, housing **over 20 million volumes**.
– State-of-the-art research centers, museums, and performing arts venues.
## Harvard Traditions and Student Life
Harvard offers a **rich student experience**, blending
academics with vibrant traditions, including:
– **Housing system:** Students live in one of 12 residential
houses, fostering a strong sense of community.
– **Annual Primal Scream:** A unique tradition where students
de-stress by running through Harvard Yard before finals!
– **The Harvard-Yale Game:** A historic football rivalry that unites alumni and students.
With over **450 student organizations**, Harvard students engage
in a diverse range of extracurricular activities, from entrepreneurship to performing arts.
## Harvard’s Global Influence
Beyond academics, Harvard drives change in **global policy, economics, and technology**.
The university’s research impacts healthcare, sustainability, and artificial intelligence,
with partnerships across industries worldwide. **Harvard’s endowment**, the largest of any university, allows it to fund scholarships, research,
and public initiatives, ensuring a legacy of impact for generations.
## Conclusion
Harvard University is more than just a school—it’s a **symbol of excellence, innovation, and
leadership**. Its **centuries-old traditions, groundbreaking
discoveries, and transformative education** make it one of the most influential
institutions in the world. Whether through its distinguished
alumni, pioneering research, or vibrant student life, Harvard continues to
shape the future in profound ways.
Would you like to join the ranks of Harvard’s legendary scholars?
The journey starts with a dream—and an application!
https://www.harvard.edu/